International Conference on Sports Medicine and Fitness March 23-25, 2015 Chicago, USA

Abstract Introduction: Sports injury in young-footballers is a common and serious problem. This study is based on my observations and concluded researches done as an experienced Football Coach in Trainings and games. Background: 1) Functional prevention measures may be achieved with training programmed originating from the field of physical therapy and medicine. 2) These injuries are by far the almost common causes of injuries in children and youth treated in emergency departments. The Common Causes and Factors: Sports injuries can be caused by: 1) Individual risk factors (such as medical conditions). Inadequate physical examination before participating in trainings or in any games and lacks of pre-season conditioning. 2) Lacks of safety equipment, or poorly fitted, improper equipment (Shin-guard etc.) should be enforced. 3) Taming up by age instead of size, unsafe playing fields, surfaces and environments. 4) Improper training or coaching, or lack of instruction. Fatigue and over-stress in training and games. Weather Temperature or condition and Poor nutrition or hydration may be contributed. 5) Not warming up, cooling down and stretching properly before any game. Playing with injury may cause emotional stresses and inappropriate pressure to win. Result & Solution: 1) Coaches should be trained in first aid courses, and should have a plan for responding to emergencies. Coaches should be well trained in the proper use of equipments, and should enforce rules on equipment use. 2) Making sure that the young athletes always use proper gears for a particular sport to reduce chances of being injured. Warm-up exercises make the body’s tissues warmer, flexible and loosen muscles that have tightened. 3) Athletes should be accessible to water or sports drinks during the time of playing and that keep them properly hydrated. Conclusion: Thinking about improving the general level of conditioning of the young players and good training habits and techniques, practice, policy as sports-specific skills.

Abstract Introduction: Quality of life is a well-established outcome within clinical practice. Despite substance use disorders’ adverse effects on a wide range of patients’ functioning and the multidimensional composition of quality of life, the treatment field does not yet systematically assess quality of life among patients. Exercise has established positive effects on the quality of life of healthy and numerous clinical populations. The potential to integrate exercise within treatment in order to improve quality of life has not been satisfactorily explored. Aims: To measure changes in quality of life after group exercise among residential substance use disorder patients, and to explore the feasibility of the program within a treatment setting. Method: Thirty-five patients in four long-term, residential substance use disorder treatment facilities in Oslo enrolled in a 10-week group exercise program. Twenty-four participants exercised and were analyzed as completers, while eleven did not and were analyzed as non-completers. Quality of life, mental distress, somatic health burden, and addiction severity were measured at program start and end. Results: The program was feasible for participants, and the completion rate was 69%. Completers’ physical health domain and psychological health domain of quality of life improved significantly. The program engaged the most physically and mentally vulnerable participants, and flexibility and motivational factors were important elements. Discussion: This study provides promising evidence that low doses of group exercise can yield appreciable benefits, even to patients with more severe health problems.

Abstract Creatine supplementation should theoretically increase total muscle creatine and so enhance the generation of intramuscular phosphocreatine and subsequent ATP formation. The use of creatine as a potential ergogenic aid in sport has been an area of significant scientific research for a number of years. However the effect of creatine supplementation and swimming performance is a relatively new area of research and is the subject of this review. In swimming creatine supplementation could help maintain maximal power output, aid recovery and increase lean body mass. After investigating the underlying theory and science behind creatine supplementation, a literature review was conducted to identify the best evidence looking at the effect of creatine supplementation on swimming performance. The search identified 27 potential studies, and out of these 17 were selected for review. The studies were then categorised into single sprint performance, which involves swimming a short distance race, or repeated interval performance, which involves swimming a series of sprints with intervals of rest between them. None of the studies on the effect of creatine controlled for the multiple confounding factors associated with measurement of swimming performance. The sample size in the studies was limited and this reduced the reliability of the studies and introduced the possibility of bias. The studies reviewed provided insufficient evidence to determine if creatine supplementation is beneficial to swimming performance. However, what data there was supported the use of creatine supplementation in repeated interval swimming rather than in single sprint swimming. From a review of the studies, it was calculated on average, there was a 1.37% increase in swimming performance with the use of creatine for repeated intervals and a 0.86% increase in performance for single sprint. While this may seem minor, it should be remembered that swimming races are often won by much smaller margins. In the 2012 London Olympics the Men’s 100 metres freestyle race was won by a margin of only 0.01 of a second. Therefore any potential benefit could make a dramatic difference to the final outcome of the race. Overall more research is warranted before the benefits of creatine supplementation in swimming performance can be further clarified.